Cephalopods: Difference between revisions

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= Cephalopods =
Cephalopods  
*Class Cephalopoda <ref name=EOS></ref>
*Class Cephalopoda <ref name=EOS></ref>
**Includes octopuses, cuttlefish, squid, etc<ref name ="EOS">Boyle, P. "Cephalopods." Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences 1 (2001): 436-42. Science Direct. Elsevier B.V., 11 Apr. 2013. Web. 22 Feb. 2014. <http://ac.els-cdn.com/B9780123744739001958/3-s2.0-B9780123744739001958-main.pdf?_tid=4e6f9af6-9e64-11e3-bd04-00000aacb360&acdnat=1393364120_b8c509396a239367521c18e75d90ee5a>.</ref>
**Includes octopuses, cuttlefish, squid, etc<ref name ="EOS">Boyle, P. "Cephalopods." Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences 1 (2001): 436-42. Science Direct. Elsevier B.V., 11 Apr. 2013. Web. 22 Feb. 2014. <http://ac.els-cdn.com/B9780123744739001958/3-s2.0-B9780123744739001958-main.pdf?_tid=4e6f9af6-9e64-11e3-bd04-00000aacb360&acdnat=1393364120_b8c509396a239367521c18e75d90ee5a>.</ref>
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*Belemnoids, from the Mesozoic, may be the ancestors of modern squids <ref name="ADW"></ref>
*Belemnoids, from the Mesozoic, may be the ancestors of modern squids <ref name="ADW"></ref>


== Life Cycle and Reproduction ==
= Life Cycle and Reproduction =
*Males
*Males
**Specialized arm or tentacle that transfers spermatophores to the female's genital pore <ref name="ADW"></ref>
**Specialized arm or tentacle that transfers spermatophores to the female's genital pore <ref name="ADW"></ref>
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***Can cause considerable seasonal fluctuations in population <ref name="EOS"></ref>
***Can cause considerable seasonal fluctuations in population <ref name="EOS"></ref>


== Anatomy ==
= Anatomy =
*Buccal cavity <ref name="ADW"></ref>
*Buccal cavity <ref name="ADW"></ref>
*Radula <ref name="ADW"></ref>
*Radula <ref name="ADW"></ref>
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**Chromatophores <ref name="EOS"></ref>
**Chromatophores <ref name="EOS"></ref>


== Diet ==
= Diet =
*Carnivorous <ref name="ADW"></ref>
*Carnivorous <ref name="ADW"></ref>


== Behavior ==
= Behavior =
*Rapid color change <ref name= "UCMP"></ref>
*Rapid color change <ref name= "UCMP"></ref>
*Centralized brain with highly developed sense organs <ref name= "UCMP"> Jann, Vendetti. "The Cephalopoda." University of California Museum of Paleontology. UC Berkeley, n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2014. <http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/taxa/inverts/mollusca/cephalopoda.php></ref>
*Centralized brain with highly developed sense organs <ref name= "UCMP"> Jann, Vendetti. "The Cephalopoda." University of California Museum of Paleontology. UC Berkeley, n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2014. <http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/taxa/inverts/mollusca/cephalopoda.php></ref>
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*Inking <ref name= "EOS"></ref>
*Inking <ref name= "EOS"></ref>


== Habitat ==
= Habitat =
== Importance ==
= Importance =
*Economic value
*Economic value
**Many species are eaten by humans <ref name="ADW"></ref>
**Many species are eaten by humans <ref name="ADW"></ref>
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***Preyed upon by fish, marine mammals, and oceanic birds <ref name="EOS"></ref>
***Preyed upon by fish, marine mammals, and oceanic birds <ref name="EOS"></ref>


== Threats ==
= Threats =
*Human Induced Threats <ref name= "UMD"> LaRosa, Ginni A.. "Learning from the Soft Intelligence: Cephalopods as Indicators of Ocean Changes." UMD Library. University of Maryland, 01 Dec 2011. Web. 25 Feb 2014. <http://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/1903/12427/11/LaRosa_ResearchPaper.pdf>.</ref>
*Human Induced Threats <ref name= "UMD"> LaRosa, Ginni A.. "Learning from the Soft Intelligence: Cephalopods as Indicators of Ocean Changes." UMD Library. University of Maryland, 01 Dec 2011. Web. 25 Feb 2014. <http://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/1903/12427/11/LaRosa_ResearchPaper.pdf>.</ref>
**Bioaccumulation of toxins <ref name= "UMD"></ref>
**Bioaccumulation of toxins <ref name= "UMD"></ref>
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**Overfishing <ref name= "UMD"></ref>
**Overfishing <ref name= "UMD"></ref>


== Species ==
= Species =
=== Common Octopus ===
== Common Octopus ==
*Geographic Range
*Geographic Range
*Habitat
*Habitat
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*Behavior and Diet
*Behavior and Diet
*Conservation Status
*Conservation Status
=== Caribbean Reef Squid ===
== Caribbean Reef Squid ==
*Geographic Range
*Geographic Range
*Habitat
*Habitat
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*Behavior and Diet
*Behavior and Diet
*Conservation Status
*Conservation Status
=== Caribbean Reef Octopus ===
== Caribbean Reef Octopus ==
*Geographic Range
*Geographic Range
*Habitat
*Habitat
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*Behavior and Diet
*Behavior and Diet
*Conservation Status
*Conservation Status
=== Caribbean Two-Spot Octopus ===
== Caribbean Two-Spot Octopus ==
*Geographic Range
*Geographic Range
*Habitat
*Habitat
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*Conservation Status
*Conservation Status


== Notes ==
= Notes =
<references/>
<references/>

Revision as of 17:25, 25 February 2014

Cephalopods
  • Class Cephalopoda [1]
    • Includes octopuses, cuttlefish, squid, etc[1]
    • Present in all the world's oceans [1]

Evolution

  • Probably evolved from gastropods [2]
  • More than 10,000 fossil species named [2]
  • Belemnoids, from the Mesozoic, may be the ancestors of modern squids [2]

Life Cycle and Reproduction

  • Males
    • Specialized arm or tentacle that transfers spermatophores to the female's genital pore [2]
      • This specialized appendage is sometimes left behind in the female's mantle cavity (known as a hetocotylus arm) [2]
  • Females
  • Single oviduct [2]
  • Courtship rituals can include color changes and body movements [2]
  • Life Cycle
    • No true larval stage [2]
    • Large eggs hatch as paralarvae [1]
    • Adult size reached in about one year [1]
    • Most individuals die shortly after mating [1]
    • Uniseasonal breeding [1]
      • Can cause considerable seasonal fluctuations in population [1]

Anatomy

  • Buccal cavity [2]
  • Radula [2]
  • Ink gland [2]
  • All but the family Nautilus have cells containing large amounts of pigment and contractile fibers [2]
    • This is what enables the animals to change colors [2]
      • Frequently occurs in response to danger or emotion
  • Can distinguish shapes and colors with highly evolved sensory system
  • Have reduced or absent calcareous shells [1]
  • Squids and octopuses have lost the internal shell and its buoyancy functions [1]
  • Brain
    • Ganglionic masses centered around the esophagus [1]
  • Well developed statocysts (gravity and movement senses) [1]
  • Skin
    • Delicate epithelial tissue over layers of connective tissue [1]
    • Chromatophores [1]

Diet

  • Carnivorous [2]

Behavior

  • Rapid color change [3]
  • Centralized brain with highly developed sense organs [3]
  • Jet propulsion [2]
    • Using the muscular mantle to force water through the ventral funnel [1]
    • Coastal octopuses are more benthic in nature [1]
      • Use their arms to move around the ocean floor, only occasionally employing jet propulsion [1]
  • Inking [1]

Habitat

Importance

  • Economic value
    • Many species are eaten by humans [2]
      • As many as 3 million tonnes are consumed annually by humans [1]
  • Ecological value
    • Important to food chain [1]
      • Eat a wide variety of fish, crustaceans, and other invertebrates [1]
      • Preyed upon by fish, marine mammals, and oceanic birds [1]

Threats

  • Human Induced Threats [4]
    • Bioaccumulation of toxins [4]
    • Noise pollution [4]
    • Altered seasonal migration patterns related to ocean warming [4]
    • Possible decrease in availability of calcium carbonate, related to declining pH [4]
    • Overfishing [4]

Species

Common Octopus

  • Geographic Range
  • Habitat
  • Physical Appearance
  • Reproduction and Development
  • Behavior and Diet
  • Conservation Status

Caribbean Reef Squid

  • Geographic Range
  • Habitat
  • Physical Appearance
  • Reproduction and Development
  • Behavior and Diet
  • Conservation Status

Caribbean Reef Octopus

  • Geographic Range
  • Habitat
  • Physical Appearance
  • Reproduction and Development
  • Behavior and Diet
  • Conservation Status

Caribbean Two-Spot Octopus

  • Geographic Range
  • Habitat
  • Physical Appearance
  • Reproduction and Development
  • Behavior and Diet
  • Conservation Status

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 Boyle, P. "Cephalopods." Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences 1 (2001): 436-42. Science Direct. Elsevier B.V., 11 Apr. 2013. Web. 22 Feb. 2014. <http://ac.els-cdn.com/B9780123744739001958/3-s2.0-B9780123744739001958-main.pdf?_tid=4e6f9af6-9e64-11e3-bd04-00000aacb360&acdnat=1393364120_b8c509396a239367521c18e75d90ee5a>.
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 Wheeler, Kristen, and Daphne G. Fautin. "ADW: Cephalopoda: INFORMATION." Animal Diversity Web. Regenst of the University of Michigan, 2001. Web. 22 Feb. 2014. <http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Cephalopoda/>.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Jann, Vendetti. "The Cephalopoda." University of California Museum of Paleontology. UC Berkeley, n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2014. <http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/taxa/inverts/mollusca/cephalopoda.php>
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 LaRosa, Ginni A.. "Learning from the Soft Intelligence: Cephalopods as Indicators of Ocean Changes." UMD Library. University of Maryland, 01 Dec 2011. Web. 25 Feb 2014. <http://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/1903/12427/11/LaRosa_ResearchPaper.pdf>.
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