Cephalopods: Difference between revisions
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*Buccal cavity <ref name="ADW"></ref> | *Buccal cavity <ref name="ADW"></ref> | ||
*Radula <ref name="ADW"></ref> | *Radula <ref name="ADW"></ref> | ||
**Coarse, rasping tongue <ref name="CBC">Judkins, Heather L. "Cephalopods of the Broad Caribbean: Distrution, Abundance, and Ecological Importance." Diss. University of South Florida, 2009. Scholar Commons. Graduate School at Scholar Commons. Web. 21 Feb. 2014. <http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3033&context=etd&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Furl%3Fq%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fscholarcommons.usf.edu%252Fcgi%252Fviewcontent.cgi%253Farticle%253D3033%2526context%253Detd%26sa%3DD%26sntz%3D1%26usg%3DAFQjCNF6Q0NU3If5jMRKW7UQ1KtCo117qQ#search=%22http%3A%2F%2Fscholarcommons.usf.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D3033%26context%3Detd%22>.</ref> | |||
*Ink gland <ref name="ADW"></ref> | *Ink gland <ref name="ADW"></ref> | ||
*All but the family ''Nautilus'' have cells containing large amounts of pigment and contractile fibers <ref name="ADW"></ref> | *All but the family ''Nautilus'' have cells containing large amounts of pigment and contractile fibers <ref name="ADW"></ref> |
Revision as of 00:55, 26 February 2014
Cephalopods
- All are molluscs
- Class Cephalopoda [1]
Evolution
- Probably evolved from gastropods [2]
- More than 10,000 fossil species named [2]
- Belemnoids, from the Mesozoic, may be the ancestors of modern squids [2]
Life Cycle and Reproduction
Males
- Specialized arm or tentacle that transfers spermatophores to the female's genital pore [2]
- This specialized appendage is sometimes left behind in the female's mantle cavity (known as a hetocotylus arm) [2]
Females
- Single oviduct [2]
- Courtship rituals can include color changes and body movements [2]
- Females may mate with multiple males and have multiple paternity of offspring [1]
Life Cycle
- No true larval stage [2]
- Large eggs hatch as paralarvae [1]
- Adult size reached in about one year [1]
Anatomy
- Buccal cavity [2]
- Radula [2]
- Coarse, rasping tongue [3]
- Ink gland [2]
- All but the family Nautilus have cells containing large amounts of pigment and contractile fibers [2]
- This is what enables the animals to change colors [2]
- Frequently occurs in response to danger or emotion
- This is what enables the animals to change colors [2]
- Can distinguish shapes with highly evolved sensory system
- Have reduced or absent calcareous shells [1]
- Squids and octopuses have lost the internal shell and its buoyancy functions [1]
- Brain
- Ganglionic masses centered around the esophagus [1]
- Well developed statocysts (gravity and movement senses) [1]
- Skin
Diet
- Carnivorous [2]
- Feed on wide range of crustacea and fish[1]
- Eat approximately 1.5 and 15% of body weight daily [1]
- Some exhibit cannibalism on smaller members of their [1]respective species [1]
- Prey are usually attacked with a forward strike and subsequently pulled toward the mouth with tentacles [1]
- Squid bite their prey with their beaks [1]
- Octopuses have a more complicated means of consuming their prey [1]
Behavior
- Rapid color change [4]
- Centralized brain with highly developed sense organs [4]
- Jet propulsion [2]
- Inking [1]
Habitat
Importance
Economic value
- Many species are eaten by humans[2]
Ecological value
- Important to food chain [1]
Threats
Human Induced Threats [5]
- Bioaccumulation of toxins [5]
- Noise pollution [5]
- Altered seasonal migration patterns related to ocean warming [5]
- Possible decrease in availability of calcium carbonate, related to declining pH [5]
- Overfishing [5]
Species
Common Octopus [6]
- Geographic Range
- Habitat
- Physical Appearance
- Reproduction and Development
- Behavior and Diet
- Conservation Status
Caribbean Reef Squid [7]
- Geographic Range
- Habitat
- Physical Appearance
- Reproduction and Development
- Behavior and Diet
- Conservation Status
Caribbean Reef Squid [8]
- Geographic Range
- Habitat
- Physical Appearance
- Reproduction and Development
- Behavior and Diet
- Conservation Status
Caribbean Two-Spot Octopus [9]
- Geographic Range
- Habitat
- Physical Appearance
- Reproduction and Development
- Behavior and Diet
- Conservation Status
Notes
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.31 1.32 1.33 1.34 1.35 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.39 1.40 Boyle, P. "Cephalopods." Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences 1 (2001): 436-42. Science Direct. Elsevier B.V., 11 Apr. 2013. Web. 22 Feb. 2014. <http://ac.els-cdn.com/B9780123744739001958/3-s2.0-B9780123744739001958-main.pdf?_tid=4e6f9af6-9e64-11e3-bd04-00000aacb360&acdnat=1393364120_b8c509396a239367521c18e75d90ee5a>.
- ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 Wheeler, Kristen, and Daphne G. Fautin. "ADW: Cephalopoda: INFORMATION." Animal Diversity Web. Regenst of the University of Michigan, 2001. Web. 22 Feb. 2014. <http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Cephalopoda/>.
- ↑ Judkins, Heather L. "Cephalopods of the Broad Caribbean: Distrution, Abundance, and Ecological Importance." Diss. University of South Florida, 2009. Scholar Commons. Graduate School at Scholar Commons. Web. 21 Feb. 2014. <http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3033&context=etd&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Furl%3Fq%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fscholarcommons.usf.edu%252Fcgi%252Fviewcontent.cgi%253Farticle%253D3033%2526context%253Detd%26sa%3DD%26sntz%3D1%26usg%3DAFQjCNF6Q0NU3If5jMRKW7UQ1KtCo117qQ#search=%22http%3A%2F%2Fscholarcommons.usf.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D3033%26context%3Detd%22>.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Jann, Vendetti. "The Cephalopoda." University of California Museum of Paleontology. UC Berkeley, n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2014. <http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/taxa/inverts/mollusca/cephalopoda.php>
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 LaRosa, Ginni A.. "Learning from the Soft Intelligence: Cephalopods as Indicators of Ocean Changes." UMD Library. University of Maryland, 01 Dec 2011. Web. 25 Feb 2014. <http://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/1903/12427/11/LaRosa_ResearchPaper.pdf>.
- ↑ Case, R. 1999. "Octopus vulgaris" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed February 25, 2014 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Octopus_vulgaris/
- ↑ Ritter, S. 2000. "Sepioteuthis sepioidea" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed February 25, 2014 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Sepioteuthis_sepioidea/
- ↑ Robinson, A. 2000. "Octopus briareus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed February 25, 2014 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Octopus_briareus/
- ↑ Tokarz, Jessica. " Caribbean Two-Spot Octopus." Field guide to marine inhabitants - Invertebrates. Marine Science Center of Florida. Web. 25 Feb 2014. <http://www.marinesciencecenter.com/Octopodidae.htm>.