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= Ecotourism = | = Ecotourism = | ||
==Overview== | |||
---- | |||
*'''Definition''' of ecotourism as a concept and practice <ref name="marine eco"> Cater, Carl and Erlet. '''Marine Ecotourism: Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea.''' Cambridge, MA: CABI Publications, 2007. Print. </ref> | |||
*'''History of the Concept''' and practice of ecotourism looking at the environmental movement and pioneer organizations/firms in the ecotourism industry, especially in ecotourism in coral reefs <ref name="ecotourism"> Weaver, David. '''Ecotourism.''' Milton, Qld.: John Wiley & Sons, 2001. Print. </ref> | |||
==Criteria/Qualifications== | |||
---- | |||
*'''General Criteria:''' A look at what makes ecotourism practices "eco" <ref name="ecotourism management"> Diamantis, Dimitrios. '''Ecotourism: Management and Assessment.''' London: Thomson, 2004. Print. </ref> | |||
**guidelines <ref name="policy"> Fennell, D. and Dowling, R.K. '''Ecotourism policy and planning.''' New York, NY: CABI Publications, 2003. Print. </ref> | |||
**accreditation <ref name="certification"> Honey, Martha. '''Ecotourism & Certification: Setting Standards in Practice.''' Washington, DC: Island Press, 2002. Print. </ref> | |||
*'''Regulations and Policy": a look at governmental and other policy/rules as they have evolved in recent years and as they stand now <ref name="global eco"> Luck, Michael and Kirstges, Torsten. '''Global Ecotourism Policies and Case Studies: Perspectives and Constraints.''' Clevedon: Channel View Publications, 2003. Print. </ref> | |||
**'''Examples''' of specific policies in areas with coral reefs | |||
==Effects of Ecotourism on Coral Reefs== | |||
---- | |||
===Economic=== | |||
---- | |||
*'''Positive Economic Impacts''' <ref name="ecotourism management" /> | |||
**[[Management:The_Value_Of_Reefs/|Economic value:]] Income, job creation, stimulant to economy; increased attention to long-term maintenance for long-term economic benefits | |||
**Sustainable development <ref name="linking"> Carribean Foresters. '''Linking Conservation, Tourism, and Sustainable Development in the Caribbean.''' Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico: USDA Forest Service Institute of Tropical Forestry, 2008. Print. </ref> | |||
***'''Case Studies''' <ref name="case"> Buckley, Ralf. '''Case Studies in Ecotourism.''' Oxon, UK and Cambridge, MA: CABI Publications, 2003. Print. </ref> | |||
*'''Negative Economic Impacts''' | |||
**Corporate/big business infiltration in small and/or low-income communities may cause reformation of entire job market and local industry which can have huge effects on local quality of life (community degradation, loss of local resources, economic segregation and growth in wealth gaps, displacement of local residents) <ref name="too far"> Duffy, Rosaleen. '''A trip too far: ecotourism, politics, and exploitation.''' Sterling, VA: Earthscan Publications, 2002. Print. </ref> | |||
***'''Case Studies''' <ref name="case" /> | |||
===Environmental=== | |||
---- | |||
* '''Positive Environmental Impacts''' <ref name="shades"> Singh, Sagar. '''Shades of Green: Ecotourism for Sustainability.''' New Delhi: The Energy and Resources Institute, 2004. Print. </ref> | |||
**Awareness/public attention and appreciation of natural areas inspiring activism, change | |||
**Education as a long-term benefit to the environment | |||
**Revenue diverted (in part) to restoration and preservation efforts <ref name="coral reef"> Cote, Isabelle M. and Reynolds, John D. '''Coral reef conservation.''' Cambridge, MA; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Print. </ref> | |||
**Preservation, increased protection efforts | |||
***'''Case Studies''' <ref name="global eco" /> | |||
*'''Negative Environmental Impacts''' <ref name="recreation"> Liddie, M.J. '''Recreation Ecology: The ecological impact of outdoor recreation and ecotourism.''' New York, NY: Chapman & Hall, 1997. Print. </ref> | |||
**Tragedy of the commons (related to the rest of the list) | |||
**Dangers of consumer-driven practices and commercialization of natural areas <ref name="crime"> Duffy, Rosaleen. '''Nature Crime: How We're Getting Conservation Wrong.''' New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010. Print. </ref> | |||
**Air, water, other pollution caused by increased human activity/proximity to reefs <ref name="recreation" /> | |||
**Trampling/other destruction of reef organisms | |||
**Frequent disturbances to reef environment | |||
**Local additions to commercial activity and infrastructure impacting larger ecosystems of coral reefs | |||
***'''Case Studies''' <ref name="case" /> | |||
===Social/Cultural=== | |||
*'''Positive Social/Cultural Impacts''' <ref name="summit"> ''The World Tourism Summit, Quebec City, May 2002, Final Report.'' Madrid: World Tourism Organization, 2002. Print. </ref> | |||
**Education, cultural exposure and growth | |||
**Protection of local areas, people as part of natural resource <ref name="australian"> Cock, Peter. '''Australian Ecotourism: Contributing to Ecological and Community Sustainability.''' Melbourne, Vic.: School of Geography and Environmental Science, Montash University, 2002. Print. </ref> | |||
**Economic positives | |||
*'''Negative Social/Cultural Impacts:''' Similar to final point in economic effect section above <ref name="too far" /> | |||
**Damage to communities | |||
**Displacement of locals; threats to indigenous populations | |||
**Loss of common or public areas (privatization/commercialization of a people's home) | |||
***'''Case Studies''' <ref name="global eco" /> <ref name="case" /> | |||
==See also/further reading== | |||
*A place for links to other interesting resources and information (may or may not be on final page) | |||
==References== | |||
<references/> | |||
Revision as of 18:18, 28 February 2014
Ecotourism
Overview
- Definition of ecotourism as a concept and practice [1]
- History of the Concept and practice of ecotourism looking at the environmental movement and pioneer organizations/firms in the ecotourism industry, especially in ecotourism in coral reefs [2]
Criteria/Qualifications
- General Criteria: A look at what makes ecotourism practices "eco" [3]
- Regulations and Policy": a look at governmental and other policy/rules as they have evolved in recent years and as they stand now [6]
- Examples of specific policies in areas with coral reefs
Effects of Ecotourism on Coral Reefs
Economic
- Positive Economic Impacts [3]
- Economic value: Income, job creation, stimulant to economy; increased attention to long-term maintenance for long-term economic benefits
- Sustainable development [7]
- Case Studies [8]
- Negative Economic Impacts
- Corporate/big business infiltration in small and/or low-income communities may cause reformation of entire job market and local industry which can have huge effects on local quality of life (community degradation, loss of local resources, economic segregation and growth in wealth gaps, displacement of local residents) [9]
- Case Studies [8]
- Corporate/big business infiltration in small and/or low-income communities may cause reformation of entire job market and local industry which can have huge effects on local quality of life (community degradation, loss of local resources, economic segregation and growth in wealth gaps, displacement of local residents) [9]
Environmental
- Positive Environmental Impacts [10]
- Negative Environmental Impacts [12]
- Tragedy of the commons (related to the rest of the list)
- Dangers of consumer-driven practices and commercialization of natural areas [13]
- Air, water, other pollution caused by increased human activity/proximity to reefs [12]
- Trampling/other destruction of reef organisms
- Frequent disturbances to reef environment
- Local additions to commercial activity and infrastructure impacting larger ecosystems of coral reefs
- Case Studies [8]
Social/Cultural
- Positive Social/Cultural Impacts [14]
- Education, cultural exposure and growth
- Protection of local areas, people as part of natural resource [15]
- Economic positives
- Negative Social/Cultural Impacts: Similar to final point in economic effect section above [9]
See also/further reading
- A place for links to other interesting resources and information (may or may not be on final page)
References
- ↑ Cater, Carl and Erlet. Marine Ecotourism: Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea. Cambridge, MA: CABI Publications, 2007. Print.
- ↑ Weaver, David. Ecotourism. Milton, Qld.: John Wiley & Sons, 2001. Print.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Diamantis, Dimitrios. Ecotourism: Management and Assessment. London: Thomson, 2004. Print.
- ↑ Fennell, D. and Dowling, R.K. Ecotourism policy and planning. New York, NY: CABI Publications, 2003. Print.
- ↑ Honey, Martha. Ecotourism & Certification: Setting Standards in Practice. Washington, DC: Island Press, 2002. Print.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Luck, Michael and Kirstges, Torsten. Global Ecotourism Policies and Case Studies: Perspectives and Constraints. Clevedon: Channel View Publications, 2003. Print.
- ↑ Carribean Foresters. Linking Conservation, Tourism, and Sustainable Development in the Caribbean. Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico: USDA Forest Service Institute of Tropical Forestry, 2008. Print.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Buckley, Ralf. Case Studies in Ecotourism. Oxon, UK and Cambridge, MA: CABI Publications, 2003. Print.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Duffy, Rosaleen. A trip too far: ecotourism, politics, and exploitation. Sterling, VA: Earthscan Publications, 2002. Print.
- ↑ Singh, Sagar. Shades of Green: Ecotourism for Sustainability. New Delhi: The Energy and Resources Institute, 2004. Print.
- ↑ Cote, Isabelle M. and Reynolds, John D. Coral reef conservation. Cambridge, MA; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Print.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Liddie, M.J. Recreation Ecology: The ecological impact of outdoor recreation and ecotourism. New York, NY: Chapman & Hall, 1997. Print.
- ↑ Duffy, Rosaleen. Nature Crime: How We're Getting Conservation Wrong. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010. Print.
- ↑ The World Tourism Summit, Quebec City, May 2002, Final Report. Madrid: World Tourism Organization, 2002. Print.
- ↑ Cock, Peter. Australian Ecotourism: Contributing to Ecological and Community Sustainability. Melbourne, Vic.: School of Geography and Environmental Science, Montash University, 2002. Print.