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= Extinct Marine Mammals =
= Extinct Marine Mammals =
Conditions that alter marine mammal environment can stress and bottleneck species, leading to extinction through many possible causes
Throughout history, many animals have became extinct through different stressors and some due to lack of evolving traits to keep up with those stressors. The marine mammals focused and exploited in this era have led to several species to die out and be bottlenecked through new and old causes. Recently, in the last 100 years, the Caribbean Monk Seal, Japanese Sea Lion, and Baiji have all been ushered to extinction.


==Past Extinctions==
==Past Extinctions==


* Basilosaurus (Gingerich)
===Caribbean Monk Seal ===
** Thought to be reptile, yet was discovered to be a prehistoric whale
[[File:monk.jpg|350px|thumb|left|Caribbean Monk Seal rendered image <ref> Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://insider.si.edu/2014/05/extinct-relative-reveals-rarity-last-two-remaining-monk-seal-species/>.</ref>]]
** very large and primitive blue whale ancestor
The Caribbean Monk seal is among the most intriguing caribbean mammal to investigate and analyze through their extinction. The seals are very closely related to the Hawaiian and Mediterranean Monk Seals. The last sighting of a Caribbean monk seal was in 1952 off of Serranilla Bank in Jamaica. The seals were believed to be hunted to extinction for their oils, from the blubber, and became a food source for the locals. It was finally declared that the seals were extinct in 1986 after not one had been sighted in over 34 years. Although overfishing was an easy stressor to identify for these mammals, other stressors such as climate and ocean change as well as habitat destruction contributed to the seals decline. <ref name="KING">(Nat. Hist) King, J. (1956). "The monk seals (genus Monachus)". Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist) Zool. 3: 201–256.</ref>


*Caribbean Monk Seal (King)
===Japanese Sea Lion ===
[[File:japan.jpg|350px|thumb|right|Japanese Sea Lion <ref>Digital Image. Web. <http://carnivoraforum.com/topic/9330844/1/>.</ref>]]
The Japanese Sea Lion (Zalophus Japonicus) was though to have become extinct around the 1970s. It is still considered a sub species of the California sea lion, yet some dispute among taxonomists has occurred as to whether this is true. The sea lions inhabited the Sea of Japan, especially between the Japanese Archipelago and Korean Peninsula region. The sea lions were of darker grey skin and could weigh upwards of 550 kg and reach lengths of near 2.5 m, this is larger than the current California sea lions. Sea lions were hunted for their valuable oils contained within their blubber and their internal organs were harvested for expensive oriental medicine. Their whiskers would even be used for pipe cleaners. Like many other marine mammals, overfishing and habitat destruction lead to their declines. The damages to habitats from submarine warfare in World War II was noted as a potential causer for the declining populations. To possibly rebuild the sea lion populations within Japan, governments have hypothesized bringing California sea lions and naturalizing them to the habitats in an effort to reestablish the sea lion populations within the area. <ref name="IUCN">Aurioles, D. & Trillmich, F. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) (2008). Zalophus japonicus. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 29 February 2016. </ref>


**closely related to Hawaiian and Mediterranean Monk Seals
===Baiji ===
 
[[File:baiji.jpg|350px|thumb|right|Baiji Image from Yangtze River <ref> Digital Image. Web. <http://www.earthtimes.org/green-blogs/green-opinions/revisiting-sad-story-baiji-15-Aug-12/> </ref> ]]
**overhunting for oil, overfished food source
The Baiji (Lipotes Vexillifer) is a freshwater dolphin found in the Yangtze River in China. The Yangtze River is one of the most heavily populated areas in the entire world with over 12 % of the entire world living and working on the river. As a result, the Baiji were put under immense pressures from the industrial age that China is going through currently. The pollutants and destruction of the rivers habitats have caused a massive decline in the population in the last few decades, along with hunting of the dolphin and bycatch occurring, resulting in the Baiji becoming functionally extinct. Although this is different than being fully extinct, the Baiji has not been spotted in over 10 years and is most likely extinct, yet searches are still being done to fully conclude this information. The Baiji, if noted extinct, would become the first marine mammal completely documented to be brought to extinction through human stressors. Over half of the deaths from Baiji recorded were found to be because of entanglement in fishing gear and nets as well as illegal fishing practices such as dynamite and electrical fishing. 2004 was the last confirmed sighting and in 2006 a survey declared them extinct when no Baiji were reported in a population count. <ref name="NOAA"> Fisheries, NOAA. "Chinese River Dolphin / Baiji (Lipotes vexillifer)  :: NOAA Fisheries". <http://www.fisheries.noaa.gov> Retrieved 29 February 2016.</ref>
 
**Extinct about 1986, last sighted near Jamaica in 1952(King)
 
*Japanese Sea Lion (Aurioles)
 
**extinct in 1970s
 
*Baiji (Fisheries)
 
**Considered to be Functionally Extinct


==Causes==
==Causes==


*Coral Bleaching (IRD)
Many causes of marine mammalian extinction have been noted previously but to summarize and list several are as follows: coral [[bleaching]], increasing ocean temperatures ([[SSTs]]), overfishing, habitat destruction, and exploitation of the resources. <ref name="IRD">Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Paris (IRD). (2008, November 3). Coral Bleaching Disturbs Structure Of Fish Communities. ScienceDaily. Retrieved February 29, 2016 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/10/081028132106.htm</ref>


*Increase in ocean temperatures
Humans impact mammal populations mainly through the exploitation of marine resources. The loss of fish and other food sources from overfishing results in a decline in marine mammal populations. Additionally, the animals themselves are often caught as bycatch due to poor or nonexistent regulations on harvests.


*increased water turbidity
[[File:Whaling_in_the_faroe_islands.jpg|400px|thumb|left|Dolphins are often illegally slaughtered for their meat and use as bait.<ref name="Poaching">Untitled. February 25, 2014. Whale and Dolphin Conservation.</ref> ]]However, the relationship between humans and marine mammals is not a black-and-white relationship. In order to create a solution to this urgent problem, the socioeconomic conditions of fishermen need to be taken into account.  Poverty and the collapse of local fishing industries -- again, caused by overfishing -- can lead to abrupt changes in island economies.<ref name="Reefs"> Read AJ. 2008. The Looming Crisis: Interactions between Marine Mammals and Fisheries Journal of Mammalogy. Journal of Mammalogy 89:541–548.</ref> In areas where poverty is especially prevalent, people will care more about putting food on the table than protecting dolphins or other creatures that, in many cases, they are in direct competition with for fish. In some cases, people have been known to feed dolphins dead fish stuffed with broken glass in order to eliminate this so-called competition. <ref name="Gangi"> Dr. Gregory Gangi, comment made during presentation</ref>


*overfishing/overexploitation
The collapse of fisheries has also led people to prey on marine mammals once their value as food and bait becomes apparent. In Peru, after the anchovy fisheries collapsed, people began hunting Peruvian dolphins, which they sold for their meat. This was unregulated and unsustainable, and led to the decimation of Peruvian dolphin populations. <ref name="Reefs"> Read AJ. 2008. The Looming Crisis: Interactions between Marine Mammals and Fisheries Journal of Mammalogy. Journal of Mammalogy 89:541–548.</ref> An estimated 10,000 dolphins are killed each year for bait, despite the practice being illegal. <ref name="Dolphins"> Rodriguez, Cindy Y., and Rafael Romo. "Dolphins Killed for Shark Bait in Peru." CNN, October 23, 2013. Accessed April 19, 2016. www.cnn.com.</ref>


*predatory inflation
There are two main ways that conservation groups and governments can go about trying to solve these issues. First, the issue of regulation versus deregulation needs to be addressed. No regulation leads to unsustainable practices, but for politicians advocating for regulation is political suicide. A medium needs to be found so that the needs of fishermen and their families are addressed, but marine mammal populations are not decimated in the process. <ref name="Reefs"> Read AJ. 2008. The Looming Crisis: Interactions between Marine Mammals and Fisheries Journal of Mammalogy. Journal of Mammalogy 89:541–548.</ref> New and innovative solutions which can lessen a community's reliance on fishing and provide alternatives to mammal hunting can lead to less perceived competition between humans and animals.


== Effects ==
== Effects ==


=== On Humans ===
=== On Ecosystems ===
• Overexploitation seems to be the main issue – loss of fish from overfishing and poor practices can destroy ways of life, jobs, industries, etc. (Read)


• Marine mammals are often caught as bycatch
The extinction of marine mammals is, in most cases, collateral damage that results from over-exploitation of marine resources and ecosystems. Although animals such as dolphins, otters, and seals suffer due to the disruption of trophic levels, the entire ecosystem in which that animal inhabits does as well.


• Unregulated harvest
Trophic levels, which represent different levels of the food chain, are disrupted by the world's fisheries in the form of overfishing. By capturing huge amounts of fish and essentially removing the energy and nutrients that those fish provide from the ecosystem, humans are causing changes to energy pathways and the amount of food available to other organisms in the environment. For many marine mammals, overfishing means that major food sources become either scarce or nonexistent. This causes a decrease in the numbers of apex predators such as killer whales and dolphins-- since less food means a smaller population of predators -- and an influx in species that the fish would have eaten.


• new and innovative solutions to this problem are required to take account of the socioeconomic conditions experienced by fishermen” (Read)
This imbalance can spell disaster for ecosystems. For example, if grazing fish populations are decimated, this will result in a decrease in the animals that feed on those fish and an increase in the amount of algae, which can cover coral and eventually kill it. 
<ref name="Habitat Loss"> Munday PL. 2004. Habitat loss, resource specialization, and extinction on coral reefs Global Change Biology. Global Change Biology 10:1642–1647.</ref>


• Issue of regulation versus deregulation – looking at pros and cons of regulation seeing as it costs a lot, but is significant in saving a species (Read)
=== On Humans ===
 
o Regulation = politically unpopular (Read)
 
• Poverty and the collapse of other industries can lead to abrupt changes in local fishing conditions – may start to prey on marine mammals once their value as food and bait is noticed (Read)
 
o Unregulated and usually unsustainable (Read)
 
o Peruvian dolphins; anchovy fisheries collapsed so people started hunting dolphins; led to depletion in population (Read)
 
=== On Ecosystems ===
 
• World’s fisheries are not only impacting marine mammals, but the trophic structure as well – by capturing huge amounts of fish they are causing changes  in energy pathways and species numbers (Merritt)


o Affect marine mammals adversely
The extinction of marine mammals mainly impacts humans through the degradation of the ecosystems in which they live. By taking out key players in a food web, an ecosystem will suffer, as will the human communities that rely on those ecosystems for life. This would have economic consequences in terms of tourism and fishing industries. <ref name="Endangered Species"> Marshall, Michael. "What Is the Point of Saving Endangered Species?" BBC Earth. The British Broadcasting Network, 14 July 2015. Web. 19 Apr. 2016.</ref>
 
• Loss of biodiversity/ decline in mammals can cause population imbalances in other species (Munday)


== Connection to Coral Reefs ==
== Connection to Coral Reefs ==


A major factor in the endangerment and extinction of species is the loss of habitat. Considering that coral reefs are one of the biodiverse regions on the planet, it should not come as a surprise that the loss of 40 percent of reefs worldwide has also resulted in the decrease of marine mammals and other species that rely on reefs either for food sources, habitat, or breeding grounds.
[[File:dolphins.png|400px|thumb|right|Hawaiian spinner dolphins swimming near a reef in Maui. Interactions with tourists and entanglements in fishing nets are detrimental to these animals.<ref name="Spinners"> McDarris, Anne. GoPro Maui, Hawaii Dolphin Dive. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AmeSv7oynXo</ref> ]]A major factor in the endangerment and extinction of species is the loss of habitat. Considering that coral reefs are one of the biodiverse regions on the planet, it should not come as a surprise that the loss of 40 percent of reefs worldwide has also resulted in the decrease of marine mammals and other species that rely on reefs either for food sources, habitat, or breeding grounds. <ref name="NYT">Zimmer, Carl. "Ocean Life Faces Mass Extinction, Broad Study Says." The New York Times. The New York Times, 15 Jan. 2015. Web. 3 Mar. 2016 <http://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/16/science/earth/study-raises-alarm-for-health-of-ocean-life.html></ref>


Additionally, there is  a direct relationship between the abundance of coral and the abundance of coral dwelling fish. When coral reef ecosystems collapse, it causes a disruption through the trophic levels; if there are less fish, there are going to be less predators -- such as seals and dolphins -- as well.
Additionally, there is  a direct relationship between the abundance of coral and the abundance of coral dwelling fish. When coral reef ecosystems collapse, it causes a disruption through the trophic levels; if there are less fish, there are going to be less predators -- such as seals and dolphins -- as well. <ref name="Habitat Loss"> Munday PL. 2004. Habitat loss, resource specialization, and extinction on coral reefs Global Change Biology. Global Change Biology 10:1642–1647.</ref>


== Prevention ==
== Prevention ==
Line 84: Line 62:


According to a 2015 New York Times article, the oceans are facing mass extinctions of species of all kinds. It's not irreversible yet, and there's still time for humans to slow and possibly stop the damage. However, this relies on limiting the exploitation of marine resources.
According to a 2015 New York Times article, the oceans are facing mass extinctions of species of all kinds. It's not irreversible yet, and there's still time for humans to slow and possibly stop the damage. However, this relies on limiting the exploitation of marine resources.
<ref name="NYT">Zimmer, Carl. "Ocean Life Faces Mass Extinction, Broad Study Says." The New York Times. The New York Times, 15 Jan. 2015. Web. 3 Mar. 2016 <http://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/16/science/earth/study-raises-alarm-for-health-of-ocean-life.html></ref>
<ref name="Ark">Les Kauffman and Kenneth Mallory (eds).1984. Grew out of a public lecture series entitled 'Extinction: saving the sinking ark,' held in Boston, Massachusetts, at the New England Aquarium during the fall of 1984.</ref>


==References==
==References==
 
<references/>
Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Paris (IRD). (2008, November 3). Coral Bleaching Disturbs Structure Of Fish Communities. ScienceDaily. Retrieved February 29, 2016 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/10/081028132106.htm
 
Fisheries, NOAA. "Chinese River Dolphin / Baiji (Lipotes vexillifer)  :: NOAA Fisheries". www.fisheries.noaa.gov. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
 
Aurioles, D. & Trillmich, F. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) (2008). Zalophus japonicus. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
 
King, J. (1956). "The monk seals (genus Monachus)". Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist) Zool. 3: 201–256.
 
Gingerich, Phillip D. 2007. Basilosaurus Cetoides. Encyclopedia of Alabama. Available from: [http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1386]
 
Les Kauffman and Kenneth Mallory (eds).1984. Grew out of a public lecture series entitled 'Extinction: saving the sinking ark,' held in Boston, Massachusetts, at the New England Aquarium during the fall of 1984.
 
Read AJ. 2008. The Looming Crisis: Interactions between Marine Mammals and Fisheries Journal of Mammalogy. Journal of Mammalogy 89:541–548.
 
Munday PL. 2004. Habitat loss, resource specialization, and extinction on coral reefs Global Change Biology. Global Change Biology 10:1642–1647.
 
Zimmer C. 2015. Ocean Life Faces Mass Extinction, Broad Study Says the New York Times [Internet]. the New York Times [Internet]. Available from: http://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/16/science/earth/study-raises-alarm-for-health-of-ocean-life.html?_r=0

Latest revision as of 23:58, 20 April 2016

Extinct Marine Mammals

Throughout history, many animals have became extinct through different stressors and some due to lack of evolving traits to keep up with those stressors. The marine mammals focused and exploited in this era have led to several species to die out and be bottlenecked through new and old causes. Recently, in the last 100 years, the Caribbean Monk Seal, Japanese Sea Lion, and Baiji have all been ushered to extinction.

Past Extinctions

Caribbean Monk Seal

Caribbean Monk Seal rendered image [1]

The Caribbean Monk seal is among the most intriguing caribbean mammal to investigate and analyze through their extinction. The seals are very closely related to the Hawaiian and Mediterranean Monk Seals. The last sighting of a Caribbean monk seal was in 1952 off of Serranilla Bank in Jamaica. The seals were believed to be hunted to extinction for their oils, from the blubber, and became a food source for the locals. It was finally declared that the seals were extinct in 1986 after not one had been sighted in over 34 years. Although overfishing was an easy stressor to identify for these mammals, other stressors such as climate and ocean change as well as habitat destruction contributed to the seals decline. [2]

Japanese Sea Lion

Japanese Sea Lion [3]

The Japanese Sea Lion (Zalophus Japonicus) was though to have become extinct around the 1970s. It is still considered a sub species of the California sea lion, yet some dispute among taxonomists has occurred as to whether this is true. The sea lions inhabited the Sea of Japan, especially between the Japanese Archipelago and Korean Peninsula region. The sea lions were of darker grey skin and could weigh upwards of 550 kg and reach lengths of near 2.5 m, this is larger than the current California sea lions. Sea lions were hunted for their valuable oils contained within their blubber and their internal organs were harvested for expensive oriental medicine. Their whiskers would even be used for pipe cleaners. Like many other marine mammals, overfishing and habitat destruction lead to their declines. The damages to habitats from submarine warfare in World War II was noted as a potential causer for the declining populations. To possibly rebuild the sea lion populations within Japan, governments have hypothesized bringing California sea lions and naturalizing them to the habitats in an effort to reestablish the sea lion populations within the area. [4]

Baiji

Baiji Image from Yangtze River [5]

The Baiji (Lipotes Vexillifer) is a freshwater dolphin found in the Yangtze River in China. The Yangtze River is one of the most heavily populated areas in the entire world with over 12 % of the entire world living and working on the river. As a result, the Baiji were put under immense pressures from the industrial age that China is going through currently. The pollutants and destruction of the rivers habitats have caused a massive decline in the population in the last few decades, along with hunting of the dolphin and bycatch occurring, resulting in the Baiji becoming functionally extinct. Although this is different than being fully extinct, the Baiji has not been spotted in over 10 years and is most likely extinct, yet searches are still being done to fully conclude this information. The Baiji, if noted extinct, would become the first marine mammal completely documented to be brought to extinction through human stressors. Over half of the deaths from Baiji recorded were found to be because of entanglement in fishing gear and nets as well as illegal fishing practices such as dynamite and electrical fishing. 2004 was the last confirmed sighting and in 2006 a survey declared them extinct when no Baiji were reported in a population count. [6]

Causes

Many causes of marine mammalian extinction have been noted previously but to summarize and list several are as follows: coral bleaching, increasing ocean temperatures (SSTs), overfishing, habitat destruction, and exploitation of the resources. [7]

Humans impact mammal populations mainly through the exploitation of marine resources. The loss of fish and other food sources from overfishing results in a decline in marine mammal populations. Additionally, the animals themselves are often caught as bycatch due to poor or nonexistent regulations on harvests.

Dolphins are often illegally slaughtered for their meat and use as bait.[8]

However, the relationship between humans and marine mammals is not a black-and-white relationship. In order to create a solution to this urgent problem, the socioeconomic conditions of fishermen need to be taken into account. Poverty and the collapse of local fishing industries -- again, caused by overfishing -- can lead to abrupt changes in island economies.[9] In areas where poverty is especially prevalent, people will care more about putting food on the table than protecting dolphins or other creatures that, in many cases, they are in direct competition with for fish. In some cases, people have been known to feed dolphins dead fish stuffed with broken glass in order to eliminate this so-called competition. [10]

The collapse of fisheries has also led people to prey on marine mammals once their value as food and bait becomes apparent. In Peru, after the anchovy fisheries collapsed, people began hunting Peruvian dolphins, which they sold for their meat. This was unregulated and unsustainable, and led to the decimation of Peruvian dolphin populations. [9] An estimated 10,000 dolphins are killed each year for bait, despite the practice being illegal. [11]

There are two main ways that conservation groups and governments can go about trying to solve these issues. First, the issue of regulation versus deregulation needs to be addressed. No regulation leads to unsustainable practices, but for politicians advocating for regulation is political suicide. A medium needs to be found so that the needs of fishermen and their families are addressed, but marine mammal populations are not decimated in the process. [9] New and innovative solutions which can lessen a community's reliance on fishing and provide alternatives to mammal hunting can lead to less perceived competition between humans and animals.

Effects

On Ecosystems

The extinction of marine mammals is, in most cases, collateral damage that results from over-exploitation of marine resources and ecosystems. Although animals such as dolphins, otters, and seals suffer due to the disruption of trophic levels, the entire ecosystem in which that animal inhabits does as well.

Trophic levels, which represent different levels of the food chain, are disrupted by the world's fisheries in the form of overfishing. By capturing huge amounts of fish and essentially removing the energy and nutrients that those fish provide from the ecosystem, humans are causing changes to energy pathways and the amount of food available to other organisms in the environment. For many marine mammals, overfishing means that major food sources become either scarce or nonexistent. This causes a decrease in the numbers of apex predators such as killer whales and dolphins-- since less food means a smaller population of predators -- and an influx in species that the fish would have eaten.

This imbalance can spell disaster for ecosystems. For example, if grazing fish populations are decimated, this will result in a decrease in the animals that feed on those fish and an increase in the amount of algae, which can cover coral and eventually kill it. [12]

On Humans

The extinction of marine mammals mainly impacts humans through the degradation of the ecosystems in which they live. By taking out key players in a food web, an ecosystem will suffer, as will the human communities that rely on those ecosystems for life. This would have economic consequences in terms of tourism and fishing industries. [13]

Connection to Coral Reefs

Hawaiian spinner dolphins swimming near a reef in Maui. Interactions with tourists and entanglements in fishing nets are detrimental to these animals.[14]

A major factor in the endangerment and extinction of species is the loss of habitat. Considering that coral reefs are one of the biodiverse regions on the planet, it should not come as a surprise that the loss of 40 percent of reefs worldwide has also resulted in the decrease of marine mammals and other species that rely on reefs either for food sources, habitat, or breeding grounds. [15]

Additionally, there is a direct relationship between the abundance of coral and the abundance of coral dwelling fish. When coral reef ecosystems collapse, it causes a disruption through the trophic levels; if there are less fish, there are going to be less predators -- such as seals and dolphins -- as well. [12]

Prevention

Oceans, unlike terrestrial ecosystems, are still mostly intact. Marine mammal populations could bounce back if they're taken proper care of, which involve the implementation of regulation, community outreach, and more sustainable fishing.

What does make the prevention of extinctions more difficult, however, it is much more difficult to track the health of ocean creatures and ecosystems than it is for terrestrial ones. This means that there is a fair amount of uncertainty in the states of certain populations of endangered marine mammals, which could make the creation of laws difficult if not much is known about the current state of certain species.

An important tactic in preventing the further endangerment and extinction of marine mammals is the regulation of fisheries. Mammals such as dolphins often become entangled in nets, and other creatures such as manatees and whales can be snared by loose pieces of nets. The regulation of fisheries seems to be an important theme in ensuring the health of marine ecosystems, but it is doubly important for the sustainability of marine mammals.

Public programs can also be implemented to raise public and community awareness. For example, people can become more aware of the plight of the manatee and their sour relationship with motor boats. (In 2009, 97 manatees were killed by boat collisions.) If boaters are aware of what type of habitat manatees live in, and aware of the situation in general,they would be careful while boating through marshy areas where manatees are known to live. Public awareness can also spur legislation to provide protective areas or enforce regulation.

Cutting back on carbon emission is also essential in slowing extinctions.

According to a 2015 New York Times article, the oceans are facing mass extinctions of species of all kinds. It's not irreversible yet, and there's still time for humans to slow and possibly stop the damage. However, this relies on limiting the exploitation of marine resources. [15] [16]

References

  1. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://insider.si.edu/2014/05/extinct-relative-reveals-rarity-last-two-remaining-monk-seal-species/>.
  2. (Nat. Hist) King, J. (1956). "The monk seals (genus Monachus)". Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist) Zool. 3: 201–256.
  3. Digital Image. Web. <http://carnivoraforum.com/topic/9330844/1/>.
  4. Aurioles, D. & Trillmich, F. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) (2008). Zalophus japonicus. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
  5. Digital Image. Web. <http://www.earthtimes.org/green-blogs/green-opinions/revisiting-sad-story-baiji-15-Aug-12/>
  6. Fisheries, NOAA. "Chinese River Dolphin / Baiji (Lipotes vexillifer)  :: NOAA Fisheries". <http://www.fisheries.noaa.gov> Retrieved 29 February 2016.
  7. Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Paris (IRD). (2008, November 3). Coral Bleaching Disturbs Structure Of Fish Communities. ScienceDaily. Retrieved February 29, 2016 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/10/081028132106.htm
  8. Untitled. February 25, 2014. Whale and Dolphin Conservation.
  9. 9.0 9.1 9.2 Read AJ. 2008. The Looming Crisis: Interactions between Marine Mammals and Fisheries Journal of Mammalogy. Journal of Mammalogy 89:541–548.
  10. Dr. Gregory Gangi, comment made during presentation
  11. Rodriguez, Cindy Y., and Rafael Romo. "Dolphins Killed for Shark Bait in Peru." CNN, October 23, 2013. Accessed April 19, 2016. www.cnn.com.
  12. 12.0 12.1 Munday PL. 2004. Habitat loss, resource specialization, and extinction on coral reefs Global Change Biology. Global Change Biology 10:1642–1647.
  13. Marshall, Michael. "What Is the Point of Saving Endangered Species?" BBC Earth. The British Broadcasting Network, 14 July 2015. Web. 19 Apr. 2016.
  14. McDarris, Anne. GoPro Maui, Hawaii Dolphin Dive. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AmeSv7oynXo
  15. 15.0 15.1 Zimmer, Carl. "Ocean Life Faces Mass Extinction, Broad Study Says." The New York Times. The New York Times, 15 Jan. 2015. Web. 3 Mar. 2016 <http://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/16/science/earth/study-raises-alarm-for-health-of-ocean-life.html>
  16. Les Kauffman and Kenneth Mallory (eds).1984. Grew out of a public lecture series entitled 'Extinction: saving the sinking ark,' held in Boston, Massachusetts, at the New England Aquarium during the fall of 1984.
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