FishSchooling: Difference between revisions
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===What Types of Fish School?=== | ===What Types of Fish School?=== | ||
Schooling behavior has been observed in both saltwater and freshwater environments.<ref name="cognition">Brown C,Laland K,Krause J. 2006.Fish Cognition and Behavior. Oxford, U.K. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.; 328 p.</ref> Schooling tendencies vary from species to species. Some fish spend their entire lives in schools, some school occasionally, some fish shoal only, and a few species neither school nor shoal.<ref name="behavior"></ref> Schooling tendencies also vary by situation: individuals that show little interest in joining a school are much more likely to school when exposed to a predator or to a chemical alarm signal. <ref name="behavior"> Some fish form short-term schools for spawning (reproductive) events. <ref name="reef">Deloach, N. 1999.Reef Fish Behavior: Florida, Caribbean, Bahamas. Verona, Italy.: New World Publications, Inc.; 343 p.</ref> | Schooling behavior has been observed in both saltwater and freshwater environments.<ref name="cognition">Brown C,Laland K,Krause J. 2006.Fish Cognition and Behavior. Oxford, U.K. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.; 328 p.</ref> Schooling tendencies vary from species to species. Some fish spend their entire lives in schools, some school occasionally, some fish shoal only, and a few species neither school nor shoal.<ref name="behavior"></ref> Schooling tendencies also vary by situation: individuals that show little interest in joining a school are much more likely to school when exposed to a predator or to a chemical alarm signal. <ref name="behavior"></ref> Some fish form short-term schools for spawning (reproductive) events. <ref name="reef">Deloach, N. 1999.Reef Fish Behavior: Florida, Caribbean, Bahamas. Verona, Italy.: New World Publications, Inc.; 343 p.</ref> | ||
===Structure of Fish Schools=== | ===Structure of Fish Schools=== | ||
Revision as of 17:09, 20 April 2014
Fish Schooling
Schooling is a social behavior in which fish align and stay close to one another as members of a group. [1] Many animals live in groups, but unlike most such groups (herds of deer,for example) a school of fish has a consistent geometric orientation. Fish in a school swim parallel to each other, are evenly spaced, and move in almost perfect synchronization.[2] Seen in this way, a school of fish can resemble a single fluid organism. This geometric synchronization distinguishes schooling from another common behavior, shoaling, in which fish loosely group together; however, the two are often used interchangeably.[3]
What Types of Fish School?
Schooling behavior has been observed in both saltwater and freshwater environments.[4] Schooling tendencies vary from species to species. Some fish spend their entire lives in schools, some school occasionally, some fish shoal only, and a few species neither school nor shoal.[3] Schooling tendencies also vary by situation: individuals that show little interest in joining a school are much more likely to school when exposed to a predator or to a chemical alarm signal. [3] Some fish form short-term schools for spawning (reproductive) events. [5]
Structure of Fish Schools
- How fish schools develop
- Larval fish behavior, mention lifestyle of fish
- How fish choose schools
- Similar size
- similar fish species
- mention preference for homogenous fish ---> why
- preference for similar size more important than preference for similar species
- How fish schools act
- changes in position
- relative preference for front positions when hungry
- preference for the middle of the school for safety
- foraging behavior
- changes in position
- group size
- limited by resources available, competition
- movement in a fish school
Why fish school
- Predator avoidance
- Difficulty of tracking movement of a single fish
- Decreased vulnerability to predators
- increased warning system- see predators more quickly, react
- mention co-evolutionary results of this- predator behavior when confronted with a school
- Cooperation
- predatory fish sometimes hunt in groups
- Foraging
- fish forage and find food more effectively in a group
- information sharing
- mention experiment in tank, when new fish learned from other fish to move out of shady area at feeding times, even though no food was distributed
- Hydrodynamics
- Schooling can make it easier for fish to change direction, move more quickly
- examples and explanation
- Mating events and social behavior in fishes
- describe
- examples
How fish school
- Visual determination
- Lateral Line System
- Define Lateral Line System, physiological
- Explain
- Mention that some fish can school even when blinded- though probably only in laboratory setting
- Hormonal signals
- Basis of chemical signaling
Works Cited
- ↑ Grunbaum, Daniel. 1998. “Schooling as a strategy for taxis in a noisy environment”. Evolutionary Ecology[Internet]. http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/768/art%253A10.1023%252FA%253A1006574607845.pdf?auth66=1393865989_f7f8646a3e3802005dc2b710fadb8179&ext=.pdf
- ↑ Shaw, Evelyn. 1962. “The Schooling of Fishes”. Scientific American[Internet].http://www.nature.com/scientificamerican/journal/v206/n6/pdf/scientificamerican0662-128.pdf
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Reebs, S. 2001.Fish Behavior in the Aquarium and in the Wild. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press; 252 p.
- ↑ Brown C,Laland K,Krause J. 2006.Fish Cognition and Behavior. Oxford, U.K. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.; 328 p.
- ↑ Deloach, N. 1999.Reef Fish Behavior: Florida, Caribbean, Bahamas. Verona, Italy.: New World Publications, Inc.; 343 p.