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====Jamaica====
====Jamaica====
Jamaica’s history of fishing spans back as far as Pre-European settlement. Ostionan and Meillican native peoples relied on Jamaican reef fish as a major source of food (Hardt 2009). During the 1800s, fishing was revolutionized by the development of large seine nets that could catch large quantities of fish at once, making it easy for newly freed slaves to become self-sustaining (Hardt 2009). The biggest blows to coral reef fish populations came with the arrival of the 20th century. Chicken wire replaced wicker in the seine nets, increasing the size and number of fish that could be caught in one haul (Hardt 2009). Sport fishing also arose between 1900-1950.  The Caribbean was a hot spot for sport fishing, in particular “visitors praised Jamaica as having the best variety of deep sea and river sport fishing, targeting tarpon, jack, grouper, snook, crocodiles and sharks” (Hardt 2009). Fishing continued to expand despite the growing concern of scientist. In the 1950s up to the 1970s, government subsidies caused catch rates to skyrocket, the main catches being composed of reef grazers like parrotfish (Hardt 2009).  Fish biomass was reduced by up to 80% by the 1960s despite reefs appearing healthy until the 1970s <ref name="Hughes">Hughes, Terence P. “Catastrophes, Phase Shifts, and Large-Scale Degradation of a Caribbean Coral Reef.” ''Science''. 9 September 1994. Vol 265, pp. 1547-1551. <ins>http://www.jstor.org/stable/2884556?seq=1<ins></ref>. By the time anyone realized how out of control fishing had become, the damage was already done.
Jamaica’s history of fishing spans back as far as Pre-European settlement. Ostionan and Meillican native peoples relied on Jamaican reef fish as a major source of food (Hardt 2009). During the 1800s, fishing was revolutionized by the development of large seine nets that could catch large quantities of fish at once, making it easy for newly freed slaves to become self-sustaining (Hardt 2009). The biggest blows to coral reef fish populations came with the arrival of the 20th century. Chicken wire replaced wicker in the seine nets, increasing the size and number of fish that could be caught in one haul (Hardt 2009). Sport fishing also arose between 1900-1950.  The Caribbean was a hot spot for sport fishing, in particular “visitors praised Jamaica as having the best variety of deep sea and river sport fishing, targeting tarpon, jack, grouper, snook, crocodiles and sharks” (Hardt 2009). Fishing continued to expand despite the growing concern of scientist. In the 1950s up to the 1970s, government subsidies caused catch rates to skyrocket, the main catches being composed of reef grazers like parrotfish (Hardt 2009).  Fish biomass was reduced by up to 80% by the 1960s despite reefs appearing healthy until the 1970s <ref name="Hughes">Hughes, Terence P. “Catastrophes, Phase Shifts, and Large-Scale Degradation of a Caribbean Coral Reef.” ''Science''. 9 September 1994. Vol 265, pp. 1547-1551. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/2884556?seq=1></ref>. By the time anyone realized how out of control fishing had become, the damage was already done.
Grazing had to be taken over by a non-fished species. A famous seventeen-year study by Terence P. Hughes (1994) collected data from nine points along Jamaica’s coast (insert fig 2) and monitored the phase-shift that took place during that time. Because overfishing lead to the disappearance of major grazing fish species by the 1970s, the function was taken over by Diadema antillarum, a sea urchin (Hughes 1994). A single species serving a function once served by many, however, is a far cry from a making resilient system. In 1983, a species-specific disease hit the urchins, resulting in a staggering 99% reduction by 1984 (Hughes 1994). The loss of grazing fish and urchins to serve as a control coupled with a sequence of hurricanes bringing nutrients into the system, a massive macroalgae bloom consumed reef systems all across Jamaica, smothering the dominant reef builders Acropora palmatta (elkhorn coral) and Acropora cervicornis (staghorn coral) (Hughes 1994). According to Hughes (1994), hundreds of kilometers of coral reef area were reduced from having an average 52% coral cover to 3% and increased in macroalgae cover from 4% to 92% in a matter of a few decades. This phase-shift has been devastating to local fishermen and to the Jamaican coral reef tourism industry.
Grazing had to be taken over by a non-fished species. A famous seventeen-year study by Terence P. Hughes (1994) collected data from nine points along Jamaica’s coast (insert fig 2) and monitored the phase-shift that took place during that time. Because overfishing lead to the disappearance of major grazing fish species by the 1970s, the function was taken over by Diadema antillarum, a sea urchin (Hughes 1994). A single species serving a function once served by many, however, is a far cry from a making resilient system. In 1983, a species-specific disease hit the urchins, resulting in a staggering 99% reduction by 1984 (Hughes 1994). The loss of grazing fish and urchins to serve as a control coupled with a sequence of hurricanes bringing nutrients into the system, a massive macroalgae bloom consumed reef systems all across Jamaica, smothering the dominant reef builders Acropora palmatta (elkhorn coral) and Acropora cervicornis (staghorn coral) (Hughes 1994). According to Hughes (1994), hundreds of kilometers of coral reef area were reduced from having an average 52% coral cover to 3% and increased in macroalgae cover from 4% to 92% in a matter of a few decades. This phase-shift has been devastating to local fishermen and to the Jamaican coral reef tourism industry.
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==Notes==
==Notes==
<references />


Roberts, Callum M., James A. Bohnsack, Fiona Gell, Julie P. Hawkins, Renata Goodridge. "Effects of Marine Reserves on Adjacent Fisheries." ''Science''. 30 Novemember 2001. Vol 294, No. 5584, pp. 1920-1923. <http://www.sciencemag.org/content/294/5548/1920.full>


# Roberts, Callum M., James A. Bohnsack, Fiona Gell, Julie P. Hawkins, Renata Goodridge. "Effects of Marine Reserves on Adjacent Fisheries." ''Science''. 30 Novemember 2001. Vol 294, No. 5584, pp. 1920-1923. <http://www.sciencemag.org/content/294/5548/1920.full>
"What is a Fishery." ''NOAA FishWatch: US Seafood Facts.'' Web. <http://www.fishwatch.gov/wild_seafood/what_is_a_fishery.htm>


# "What is a Fishery." ''NOAA FishWatch: US Seafood Facts.'' Web. <http://www.fishwatch.gov/wild_seafood/what_is_a_fishery.htm>
Sadovy, Y. "The Case of the Disappearing Grouper:''Epinephelus striatus'', the Nassau Grouper, in the Caribbean and Western Atlantic." ''Proceedings of the 45th Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute.'' 1994. Pp. 5-22. <http://aquaticcommons.org/12765/1/gcfi_45-1.pdf>


# Sadovy, Y. "The Case of the Disappearing Grouper:''Epinephelus striatus'', the Nassau Grouper, in the Caribbean and Western Atlantic." ''Proceedings of the 45th Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute.'' 1994. Pp. 5-22. <http://aquaticcommons.org/12765/1/gcfi_45-1.pdf>
Hughes, Terence P. “Catastrophes, Phase Shifts, and Large-Scale Degradation of a Caribbean Coral Reef.''Science''. 9 September 1994. Vol 265, pp. 1547-1551. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/2884556?seq=1>  


Hughes, Terence P. “Catastrophes, Phase Shifts, and Large-Scale Degradation of a Caribbean Coral Reef.''Science''. 9 September 1994. Vol 265, pp. 1547-1551. <ins>http://www.jstor.org/stable/2884556?seq=1<ins>  
Hardt, Marah J. "Lessons from the past: the collapse of Jamaican coral reefs." ''Fish and Fisheries.'' June 2009. Vol 10, No. 2, pp. 143-158.<http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-2979.2008.00308.x/full>7


# Hardt, Marah J. "Lessons from the past: the collapse of Jamaican coral reefs." ''Fish and Fisheries.'' June 2009. Vol 10, No. 2, pp. 143-158.<http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-2979.2008.00308.x/full>7
McClanahan, Timothy R. Michael J. Marnane. Joshua E. Cinner. William E. Kiene. "A Comparison of Marine Protected Areas and Alternative Approaches to Coral-Reef Management." ''Current Biology.'' 25 July 2006. Vol 16, No. 14, pp. 1408-1413. <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982206017015>


# McClanahan, Timothy R. Michael J. Marnane. Joshua E. Cinner. William E. Kiene. "A Comparison of Marine Protected Areas and Alternative Approaches to Coral-Reef Management." ''Current Biology.'' 25 July 2006. Vol 16, No. 14, pp. 1408-1413. <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982206017015>
"Habitat and Communities." ''Pacific Fishery Management Council.'' Web. <http://www.pcouncil.org/habitat-and-communities/marine-protected-areas/>


# "Habitat and Communities." ''Pacific Fishery Management Council.'' Web. <http://www.pcouncil.org/habitat-and-communities/marine-protected-areas/>
Lester, Sarah E., Benjamin S. Halpern, Kirsten Grorud-Colvert, Jane Lubchenco, Benjamin I. Ruttenberg, Steven D. Gaines, Satie Airamé, Robert R. Warner. "Biological effects within no-take marine reserves: a global synthesis." ''Marine Ecology Progress Series.'' 2009. Vol 384, pp. 33-46. <http://vb3lk7eb4t.search.serialssolutions.com/?sid=Elsevier:Scopus&genre=article&issn=01718630&volume=384&issue=&spage=33&epage=46&pages=33-46&artnum=&date=2009&title=Marine+Ecology+Progress+Series&atitle=Biological+effects+within+no-take+marine+reserves%3a+A+global+synthesis&aufirst=S.E.&auinit=S.E.&auinit1=S&aulast=Lester&id=doi:10.3354%2fmeps08029>  


# Lester, Sarah E., Benjamin S. Halpern, Kirsten Grorud-Colvert, Jane Lubchenco, Benjamin I. Ruttenberg, Steven D. Gaines, Satie Airamé, Robert R. Warner. "Biological effects within no-take marine reserves: a global synthesis." ''Marine Ecology Progress Series.'' 2009. Vol 384, pp. 33-46. <http://vb3lk7eb4t.search.serialssolutions.com/?sid=Elsevier:Scopus&genre=article&issn=01718630&volume=384&issue=&spage=33&epage=46&pages=33-46&artnum=&date=2009&title=Marine+Ecology+Progress+Series&atitle=Biological+effects+within+no-take+marine+reserves%3a+A+global+synthesis&aufirst=S.E.&auinit=S.E.&auinit1=S&aulast=Lester&id=doi:10.3354%2fmeps08029>  
"Lessons learned and best practices in the management of coral reefs." ''The World Fish Center.'' No. 1804, pp. 1-8. <http://www.worldfishcenter.org/resource_centre/LessonsLearned1804%20-%20FINAL.pdf>  


# "Lessons learned and best practices in the management of coral reefs." ''The World Fish Center.'' No. 1804, pp. 1-8. <http://www.worldfishcenter.org/resource_centre/LessonsLearned1804%20-%20FINAL.pdf>  
<http://eaton.math.rpi.edu/csums/papers/Ecostability/hughesparadigms.pdf>  


# <http://eaton.math.rpi.edu/csums/papers/Ecostability/hughesparadigms.pdf>  
<http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/611/chp%253A10.1007%252F978-94-007-0114-4_29.pdf?auth66=1393029040_28e14cc2eb944c074783151623da1d65&ext=.pdf>  


# <http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/611/chp%253A10.1007%252F978-94-007-0114-4_29.pdf?auth66=1393029040_28e14cc2eb944c074783151623da1d65&ext=.pdf>
Botsford, Louis W., Juan Carlos Castilla, Charles H. Peterson. "The Management of Fisheries and Maine Ecosystems." ''Science.'' 25 July 1997. Vol. 277, No. 5325, pp. 509-515. <http://www.sciencemag.org/content/277/5325/509.full>
 
# Botsford, Louis W., Juan Carlos Castilla, Charles H. Peterson. "The Management of Fisheries and Maine Ecosystems." ''Science.'' 25 July 1997. Vol. 277, No. 5325, pp. 509-515. <http://www.sciencemag.org/content/277/5325/509.full>

Revision as of 17:31, 15 April 2014

Fisheries Management

General Info

  1. What is a fishery?
  2. What are the types?
  3. Why are they important?
  4. What are the current management techniques
    • MPAs
    • Marine Reserves

Tragedy Stories

Nassau Grouper

The Nassau grouper is native to the Caribbean and surrounding waters and used to be a staple of fisheries in the Caribbean. However, unsustainable fishery management in Belize and other regions of the Caribbean have led the Nassau grouper to the edge of extinction. In 2003 the Nassau grouper was placed on the Endangered Species list because of rapid decline in population size.

Jamaica

Jamaica’s history of fishing spans back as far as Pre-European settlement. Ostionan and Meillican native peoples relied on Jamaican reef fish as a major source of food (Hardt 2009). During the 1800s, fishing was revolutionized by the development of large seine nets that could catch large quantities of fish at once, making it easy for newly freed slaves to become self-sustaining (Hardt 2009). The biggest blows to coral reef fish populations came with the arrival of the 20th century. Chicken wire replaced wicker in the seine nets, increasing the size and number of fish that could be caught in one haul (Hardt 2009). Sport fishing also arose between 1900-1950. The Caribbean was a hot spot for sport fishing, in particular “visitors praised Jamaica as having the best variety of deep sea and river sport fishing, targeting tarpon, jack, grouper, snook, crocodiles and sharks” (Hardt 2009). Fishing continued to expand despite the growing concern of scientist. In the 1950s up to the 1970s, government subsidies caused catch rates to skyrocket, the main catches being composed of reef grazers like parrotfish (Hardt 2009). Fish biomass was reduced by up to 80% by the 1960s despite reefs appearing healthy until the 1970s [1]. By the time anyone realized how out of control fishing had become, the damage was already done.

Grazing had to be taken over by a non-fished species. A famous seventeen-year study by Terence P. Hughes (1994) collected data from nine points along Jamaica’s coast (insert fig 2) and monitored the phase-shift that took place during that time. Because overfishing lead to the disappearance of major grazing fish species by the 1970s, the function was taken over by Diadema antillarum, a sea urchin (Hughes 1994). A single species serving a function once served by many, however, is a far cry from a making resilient system. In 1983, a species-specific disease hit the urchins, resulting in a staggering 99% reduction by 1984 (Hughes 1994). The loss of grazing fish and urchins to serve as a control coupled with a sequence of hurricanes bringing nutrients into the system, a massive macroalgae bloom consumed reef systems all across Jamaica, smothering the dominant reef builders Acropora palmatta (elkhorn coral) and Acropora cervicornis (staghorn coral) (Hughes 1994). According to Hughes (1994), hundreds of kilometers of coral reef area were reduced from having an average 52% coral cover to 3% and increased in macroalgae cover from 4% to 92% in a matter of a few decades. This phase-shift has been devastating to local fishermen and to the Jamaican coral reef tourism industry.

Success Stories

Florida

  1. History of Merritt Island Refuge
  2. Marine reserves effect on adjacent fisheries.

St Lucia

The Soufrière Marine Management Area (SMMA) was established in 1995 along the southwest side of St. Lucia in the Caribbean. Rapid degration to surrounding coral reef systems prompted the foundation of the refuge. The SMMA protects eleven kilometers of coastline, establishing a chain five marine reserves. The establishment of these reserves reduced coral reef fishing grounds by 35%, a daunting reduction to local fishermen.However, the SMMA's impact on reef fishing has proven to be very positive in a short amount of time. Within three years, the biomass of five importnet reef species tripled within the reserve areas. This massive increase has lead to spill-over into surrounding areas. In fisheries adjacent to the SMMA, biomass of fish nearly doubled. Catches recorded five years after the refuge's establishment show that catch by fishermen using large nets increased by 46% while catches in by fishermen using small nets increased by nearly 90%. When interviewed about the SMMA, local fishermen gave very positive responses about fishing since its establishment. Many feel that they could not thrive without the marine reserves, even though their reef fishing grounds were reduced by 35%. The opinion of local people matters greatly in a management plan as a tool for the plan's effectiveness at achieving its goals. The SMMA shows that it is possible for both fish and humans to benefit from an increase in protected areas.

Conclusion: Lessons learned from successes and failures

Notes

  1. Hughes, Terence P. “Catastrophes, Phase Shifts, and Large-Scale Degradation of a Caribbean Coral Reef.” Science. 9 September 1994. Vol 265, pp. 1547-1551. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/2884556?seq=1>

Roberts, Callum M., James A. Bohnsack, Fiona Gell, Julie P. Hawkins, Renata Goodridge. "Effects of Marine Reserves on Adjacent Fisheries." Science. 30 Novemember 2001. Vol 294, No. 5584, pp. 1920-1923. <http://www.sciencemag.org/content/294/5548/1920.full>

"What is a Fishery." NOAA FishWatch: US Seafood Facts. Web. <http://www.fishwatch.gov/wild_seafood/what_is_a_fishery.htm>

Sadovy, Y. "The Case of the Disappearing Grouper:Epinephelus striatus, the Nassau Grouper, in the Caribbean and Western Atlantic." Proceedings of the 45th Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute. 1994. Pp. 5-22. <http://aquaticcommons.org/12765/1/gcfi_45-1.pdf>

Hughes, Terence P. “Catastrophes, Phase Shifts, and Large-Scale Degradation of a Caribbean Coral Reef.” Science. 9 September 1994. Vol 265, pp. 1547-1551. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/2884556?seq=1>

Hardt, Marah J. "Lessons from the past: the collapse of Jamaican coral reefs." Fish and Fisheries. June 2009. Vol 10, No. 2, pp. 143-158.<http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-2979.2008.00308.x/full>7

McClanahan, Timothy R. Michael J. Marnane. Joshua E. Cinner. William E. Kiene. "A Comparison of Marine Protected Areas and Alternative Approaches to Coral-Reef Management." Current Biology. 25 July 2006. Vol 16, No. 14, pp. 1408-1413. <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982206017015>

"Habitat and Communities." Pacific Fishery Management Council. Web. <http://www.pcouncil.org/habitat-and-communities/marine-protected-areas/>

Lester, Sarah E., Benjamin S. Halpern, Kirsten Grorud-Colvert, Jane Lubchenco, Benjamin I. Ruttenberg, Steven D. Gaines, Satie Airamé, Robert R. Warner. "Biological effects within no-take marine reserves: a global synthesis." Marine Ecology Progress Series. 2009. Vol 384, pp. 33-46. <http://vb3lk7eb4t.search.serialssolutions.com/?sid=Elsevier:Scopus&genre=article&issn=01718630&volume=384&issue=&spage=33&epage=46&pages=33-46&artnum=&date=2009&title=Marine+Ecology+Progress+Series&atitle=Biological+effects+within+no-take+marine+reserves%3a+A+global+synthesis&aufirst=S.E.&auinit=S.E.&auinit1=S&aulast=Lester&id=doi:10.3354%2fmeps08029>

"Lessons learned and best practices in the management of coral reefs." The World Fish Center. No. 1804, pp. 1-8. <http://www.worldfishcenter.org/resource_centre/LessonsLearned1804%20-%20FINAL.pdf>

<http://eaton.math.rpi.edu/csums/papers/Ecostability/hughesparadigms.pdf>

<http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/611/chp%253A10.1007%252F978-94-007-0114-4_29.pdf?auth66=1393029040_28e14cc2eb944c074783151623da1d65&ext=.pdf>

Botsford, Louis W., Juan Carlos Castilla, Charles H. Peterson. "The Management of Fisheries and Maine Ecosystems." Science. 25 July 1997. Vol. 277, No. 5325, pp. 509-515. <http://www.sciencemag.org/content/277/5325/509.full>

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