LowIncomeCountries
Challenges Related to Management in Low Income Countries
Current Reef Management
Higher-income countries
Marine protected areas. [1]
Low-income countries
Marine Protected Areas and Reserves
- When a portion of coral reef is set aside for protection, there is a doubly positive effect. The particular area recovers and areas surrounding or associated with MPA mirror that recovery.
- Studies show that protecting reefs in such a way not only increases biomass, but also species diversity and fish size, as on Apo Island in the Philippines.
- The no take reserve and sanctuary were established in the 1970’s after destructive fishing methods wreaked havoc on Apo and throughout the Philippines.
- This was so successful that it has been used as a model for research and for demonstration of long-term benefits of such protection.
Foreseable Issues
Economic decline due to misuse
Overfishing and Destructive Fishing Practices in the Philippines
- Many countries have municipal areas solely for local fisherman.
- However, commercial fisheries encroach on the outskirts of these areas because a lack of protection and enforcement.
- Commercial fisheries not only use methods that are damaging to reefs, such as trawling, but also use methods that are more effective at catching large numbers of fish.
- In turn, fisherfolk who depend on fishing for a living must turn to destructive fishing practices.
- They use dynamite and cyanide fishing which can irreversibly decimate coral and fish populations.
- In turn, fisherfolk who depend on fishing for a living must turn to destructive fishing practices.
Making Socioeconomic Assessments
Four stages
Defining goals and preparation.
Planning.
Field data collection.
Final data analysis and presentation. [2]
Success in Reef Management
How do we define success? [3]
Examples of success in reef management.
References
1. Bertness, Mark D., John F. Bruno, Brian R. Silliman, and John J. Stachowicz. Marine Community Ecology and Conservation. N.p.: Sinauer Associates, 2013. Print.
2. Bunce, Leah. Socioeconomic Manual for Coral Reef Management. Townsville, Australia: Australian Institute of Marine Science, 2000. Web. 28 Feb. 2016.
3. McClanahan, Timothy R., et al. "A comparison of marine protected areas and alternative approaches to coral-reef management." Current Biology 16.14 (2006): 1408-1413.
4. Rajasuriya, Arjan, et al. "Status of coral reefs in South Asia: Bangladesh, India, Maldives, Sri Lanka." Proceedings of the Ninth International Coral Reef Symposium, Bali, 23-27 October 2000,. Vol. 2. 2002.
5. Rajasuriya, Arjan, MW Ranjith N. De Silva, and Marcus C. Öhman. "Coral reefs of Sri Lanka: human disturbance and management issues."Ambio 24.7/8 (1995): 428-437.
6. White, Alan T., Helge P. Vogt, and Tijen Arin. "Philippine coral reefs under threat: the economic losses caused by reef destruction." Marine Pollution Bulletin 40.7 (2000): 598-605.