Other Techniques: Difference between revisions
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#**filter-feed by drawing water through comb-like gill rakers - particles concentrate in oral cavity while filtrate exits between the rakers <ref name="herring2">Sanderson, S. L., Cheer, A. Y., Goodrich, J. S., Graziano, J. D., & Callan, W. T. (2001). Crossflow filtration in suspension-feeding fishes. Nature, 412(6845), 439-41. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35086574</ref> | #**filter-feed by drawing water through comb-like gill rakers - particles concentrate in oral cavity while filtrate exits between the rakers <ref name="herring2">Sanderson, S. L., Cheer, A. Y., Goodrich, J. S., Graziano, J. D., & Callan, W. T. (2001). Crossflow filtration in suspension-feeding fishes. Nature, 412(6845), 439-41. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35086574</ref> | ||
#*Example: Manta Rays | #*Example: Manta Rays | ||
#**Ram filter-feeders:swims through a plankton bloom with their mouth open, continuously filtering food particles | #**Ram filter-feeders:swims through a plankton bloom with their mouth open, continuously filtering food particles <ref name="ram">Paig-Tran, E. (2012). Filtration at the mega-scale: Exploring the filter morphology and filtration mechanisms in the cartilaginous fishes (Order No. 3552837). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Full Text; ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (1312511009). Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1312511009?accountid=14244</ref> | ||
#**unfurl horn-like cephalic fins (picture) from either side of mouth to act as a funnel <ref name="mantas">http://www.mantatrust.org/about-mantas/feeding-frenzy/</ref> | #**unfurl horn-like cephalic fins (picture) from either side of mouth to act as a funnel <ref name="mantas">http://www.mantatrust.org/about-mantas/feeding-frenzy/</ref> | ||
#**expand flattened body and propel themselves through water with mouth open - water flows through mouth and out over 5 pairs of gill slits that line its throat <ref name="mantas">http://www.mantatrust.org/about-mantas/feeding-frenzy/</ref> | #**expand flattened body and propel themselves through water with mouth open - water flows through mouth and out over 5 pairs of gill slits that line its throat <ref name="mantas">http://www.mantatrust.org/about-mantas/feeding-frenzy/</ref> |
Revision as of 17:52, 24 February 2015
Other Techniques
- Suspension Feeding
- Suspension feeders actively capture food particles from the water with tentacles [1]
- strategy adopted by members of Anthozoa and Hydrozoa class - includes scleractinian corals, octocorals, and crinoids[1]
- Example: Corals
- Supplements food derived from Zooxanthellae [1]
- Usually occurs at night[1]
- polyp extends tentacles out from body where they encounter small fish, zooplankton, bacterioplankton, etc. [2]
- mucus suspension feeders - some species collect fine particles in mucous film or strands, which are drawn by cilia into the polyp's mouth[2]
- Example: Crinoids
- Have finger-like podia occur in triads on both sides of the pinnular ambulacra (need picture/diagram) [3]
- when suspended food particle touches podia, it flicks, bends, or curls rapidly inward to force food particle into food groove [3]
- primary podia are adhesive, with role of mucus in capturing food particles varying among species [3]
- Filter Feeding
- Method: filter dissolved and suspended matter from the water by pumping water through filtration structures [1]
- Example: Sponges (Porifera) [4]
- water drawn in through incurrent pores by creating current with special collar cells that have whip-like flagella
- water passes through channels and chambers inside of sponge and particles are taken up from water as food
- Sponges are unique in that they are the only filter-feeding metazoan group capable of sufficiently fine mesh to capture and consume picoplankton as small as 0.1 micrometers [5]
- Example: Herrings
- Example: Manta Rays
- Ram filter-feeders:swims through a plankton bloom with their mouth open, continuously filtering food particles [8]
- unfurl horn-like cephalic fins (picture) from either side of mouth to act as a funnel [9]
- expand flattened body and propel themselves through water with mouth open - water flows through mouth and out over 5 pairs of gill slits that line its throat [9]
- any plankton larger than grain of sand is filtered out of water and trapped by feathered gill plates [9]
- thought to use cross-flow filtration: "Cross-flow filtration works as a self-cleaning mechanism that pushes any particles that collect on the filter back toward the esophagus to be swallowed, no mucus necessary. This mechanism of filtration alleviates clogging of the filter, allowing the animal to feed for longer periods without closing its mouth to process the food particles."[10]
- various swimming techniques while filter feeding - barrel rolling, bottom feeding, surface feeding, feeding chains, cyclone feeding [9]
- Detritivores: Consume dead organic material and return nutrients to the sediment. [11]
- Definition of dead organic material: animal and plant remains, waste products, and the bacteria/microorganisms associated with waste products [12]
- At least 3 reef fish families have been identified as feeding heavily on detritus in what is called the "epilithic algal matrix": Surgeonfishes, damselfishes, and blennies [12]
- Hard Substrate Detritivores (most members of the Ctenochaetus genus) [12]
- Sediment Detritivores
- Algal Detritivores
- Mucus-feeders: "consume only coral mucus without removing any other live coral tissue or underlying skeleton" [15]
- coral mucus contains energy-rich wax esters, fatty acids, and triglycerides, which provide valuable source of energy for many fish [12][15][16]
- Corals produce a lot of mucus, producing 51-480 mg m^-2 d^-1 [16]
- Study by Bensen and Muscatine (1974) [17]
- When coral mucus was artificially dispersed, fish assembled and avidly ingested it
- Conclusion: coral mucus is an important food source for reef inhabitants and could be an energy source linking the coral producer and small fish consumers in reef communities
- Example: Ornate Butterfly Fish has been shown to consume large quantities of coral when feeding [12][18]
- Scavengers
Notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 http://www.coralscience.org/main/articles/aquaculture-a-husbandry-4/filter-feeders
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 http://www.coris.noaa.gov/retired/CoRIS_About_Coral_Reefs_archive_2014.pdf
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 http://www.nova.edu/ocean/messing/crinoids/8%20Feeding%20mechanism.html
- ↑ http://coralreef.noaa.gov/education/educators/resourcecd/lessonplans/resources/sponge_lp.pdf
- ↑ Reiswig, H.M.. 1975. BACTERIA AS FOOD FOR TEMPERATE-WATER MARINE SPONGES. Canadian Journal of Zoology-Revue Canadienne De Zoologie 53: 582-589.
- ↑ Gibson, R.N., and A. Ezzi. "Effect of Particle Concentration on Filter- and Particulate-feeding in the Herring Clupea Harengus." Marine Biology 88, no. 2 (1985): 109-16.
- ↑ Sanderson, S. L., Cheer, A. Y., Goodrich, J. S., Graziano, J. D., & Callan, W. T. (2001). Crossflow filtration in suspension-feeding fishes. Nature, 412(6845), 439-41. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35086574
- ↑ Paig-Tran, E. (2012). Filtration at the mega-scale: Exploring the filter morphology and filtration mechanisms in the cartilaginous fishes (Order No. 3552837). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Full Text; ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (1312511009). Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1312511009?accountid=14244
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 http://www.mantatrust.org/about-mantas/feeding-frenzy/
- ↑ http://depts.washington.edu/fhl/enews/winter2013/misty.html
- ↑ http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/media/coral-reef-food-web/?ar_a=1
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8 http://www.fishchannel.com/fish-health/saltwater-conditions/marine-fish-feeding-guilds.aspx
- ↑ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/6015
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 http://www.tfhmagazine.com/details/articles/ber-algae-eaters-the-lawnmower-blennies-full-article.htm
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Rotjan, Randi D. "Impact of Coral Predators on Tropical Reefs." Marine Ecology Progress Series 367 (2008): 73-91. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>
tag; name "Rotjan" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 16.0 16.1 Coffroth 1984, http://www.nsm.buffalo.edu/Bio/burr/Publications/4%20Coffroth1984.pdf
- ↑ Benson and Muscatine 1974, http://aslo.net/lo/toc/vol_19/issue_5/0810.pdf
- ↑ Cole, Andrew J., Morgan S. Pratchett, and Geoffrey P. Jones. "Diversity and Functional Importance of Coral-feeding Fishes on Tropical Coral Reefs." Fish and Fisheries 9 (2008): 1-22.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 Rassweiler, Andrew, and Thomas Rassweiler. "Does Rapid Scavenging Hide Non-predation Mortality in Coral-reef Communities?" Marine and Freshwater Research 62 (2011): 510-15.
- ↑ http://marinebio.org/species.asp?id=37